{"id":11000,"date":"2016-06-07T09:23:45","date_gmt":"2016-06-07T16:23:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov\/wordpress\/?p=11000"},"modified":"2016-06-07T09:23:45","modified_gmt":"2016-06-07T16:23:45","slug":"cdfa-and-the-university-of-california-work-together-to-identify-natural-enemies-to-protect-citrus-from-the-uc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov\/wordpress\/index.php\/2016\/06\/07\/cdfa-and-the-university-of-california-work-together-to-identify-natural-enemies-to-protect-citrus-from-the-uc\/","title":{"rendered":"CDFA and the University of California work together to identify natural enemies to protect citrus – from the UC"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Meyer-Lemon-220\"<\/a><\/p>\n

By Teresa O’Connor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Citrus has a long and proud history in California. In 1895, the fruits helped make Riverside \u201cthe wealthiest city per capita in the nation,\u201d as we explained in this article<\/a>. By 1910, Los Angeles County was the nation\u2019s largest producer of lemons, according to Rachel Surls, co-author of the new book<\/a> From Cows to Concrete<\/em>.\u00a0 Today, California\u2019s citrus industry is valued at $3 billion annually and responsible for more than 26 thousand jobs.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s at Stake<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

It\u2019s hard to imagine a future without oranges in California. But a little insect called Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) \u2013 which was accidentally introduced in 2008 into California \u2013 is posing the greatest economic threat that the state\u2019s citrus industry has ever faced.<\/p>\n

ACPs are vectors of a bacterium that causes a disease called huanglongbing<\/a>(HLB), which also is called \u201ccitrus greening\u201d because the fruit doesn\u2019t fully turn orange (see photo). The lethal disease kills many types of citrus.<\/p>\n

In Florida<\/a>, the citrus industry has been dealing with the spread of HLB by ACP since 2005, and the disease is estimated to have cost producers in that state $1.6 billion in losses<\/a> over a 5 year period, writes Dr. Erica Kistner of UC Riverside\u2019s Center for Invasive Species Research<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Backyard gardeners are an important outreach target, according to University of California ANR entomologist Dr. Beth Grafton-Cardwell<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe cannot stress strongly enough that landscape professionals, including residential and maintenance gardeners, can play a major role in minimizing the spread of this pest and HLB,\u201d wrote Grafton-Cardwell on her blog, which provides lots of helpful advice<\/a> on mitigating the disease.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Natural Predators Research<\/strong><\/p>\n

To fight this invasive citrus pest, UC Riverside entomologists and the\u00a0California Department of Food and Agriculture<\/a> (CDFA) have launched a classical biological control program to reduce ACPs in the state\u2019s urban areas.<\/p>\n

They have imported from Punjab, Pakistan two natural enemies of ACP, which attack different developmental stages of immature ACP (nymphs). With support from CDFA, USDA-APHIS<\/a> and USDA -MAC<\/a>, these two parasitoids have been released into California for biocontrol of ACP with promising initial results, according to Dr. Mark Hoddle, director of the Center for Invasive Species Research.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe impact of this parasitoid and other predators has been significant,\u201d explains Dr. Hoddle. \u201cThere have been declines of greater than 80 percent of ACP populations, which can be attributed to this natural enemy activity. This population of parasitoids from Punjab has a unique DNA fingerprint; therefore, we can ensure we are recovering from California field sites the parasitoids imported from Pakistan. These Pakistani natural enemies have been mass reared, released, established and recovered.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Despite the biocontrol successes, there have been challenges. \u201cThe Argentine ant, another invasive pest, has developed a disruptive mutualism with ACP nymphs,\u201d he says. \u201cThe nymphs provide honeydew, which is a sugar reward for the ants. In exchange, ants protect the ACP nymphs from their natural enemies. So, we\u2019re working on new, novel ant control strategies. These might involve biodegradable baits loaded with ultra-low toxicity sugar water inside hydrogels made from crystallized algae.\u201d<\/p>\n

Link to blog post<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Teresa O’Connor Citrus has a long and proud history in California. In 1895, the fruits helped make Riverside \u201cthe wealthiest city per capita in the nation,\u201d as we explained in this article. By 1910, Los Angeles County was the … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11000","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\r\nCDFA and the University of California work together to identify natural enemies to protect citrus - from the UC - CDFA's Planting Seeds Blog<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov\/wordpress\/index.php\/2016\/06\/07\/cdfa-and-the-university-of-california-work-together-to-identify-natural-enemies-to-protect-citrus-from-the-uc\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CDFA and the University of California work together to identify natural enemies to protect citrus - from the UC - CDFA's Planting Seeds Blog\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Teresa O’Connor Citrus has a long and proud history in California. 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