{"id":15310,"date":"2018-05-03T08:37:04","date_gmt":"2018-05-03T15:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov\/wordpress\/?p=15310"},"modified":"2018-05-03T08:37:04","modified_gmt":"2018-05-03T15:37:04","slug":"cdfa-tumbleweed-tracker-helps-in-state-efforts-to-control-widespread-nuisance-from-npr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov\/wordpress\/index.php\/2018\/05\/03\/cdfa-tumbleweed-tracker-helps-in-state-efforts-to-control-widespread-nuisance-from-npr\/","title":{"rendered":"CDFA ‘tumbleweed tracker’ helps in state efforts to control widespread nuisance – From NPR"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"

The dreaded tumbleweed.\u00a0Photo courtesy KQED<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

By Gabriela Quiros<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds might be the iconic props of classic Westerns. But in real life, they\u2019re not only a noxious weed, but one that moves around. As they roll and bounce, pushed by gusts of wind,\u00a0they can overwhelm entire neighborhoods,\u00a0<\/a>as happened recently in Victorville, California, or become a threat for drivers and an expensive nuisance for farmers.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey tumble across highways and can cause accidents,\u201d said Mike Pitcairn, who tracks tumbleweeds at the California Department of Food and Agriculture in Sacramento. \u201cThey pile up against fences and homes.\u201d<\/p>\n

And tumbleweeds aren\u2019t even originally from California, or the West for that matter.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s been around a long time. You think it must be native,\u201d said Pitcairn. \u201cBut its common name is Russian thistle.\u201d<\/p>\n

Genetic tests have shown that California\u2019s most common tumbleweed, known as Russian thistle, likely came from Ukraine, said retired plant population biologist Debra Ayres, who studied tumbleweeds at the University of California, Davis.<\/p>\n

A U.S. Department of Agriculture employee, L. H. Dewey, wrote in 1893 that Russian thistle had arrived in the U.S. through South Dakota in flaxseed imported from Europe in the 1870s.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt has been known in Russia many years,\u201d Dewey wrote, \u201cand has quite as bad a reputation in the wheat regions there as it has in the Dakotas.\u201d This is where the name Russian thistle originates, said Ayres, although tumbleweeds aren\u2019t really thistles.<\/p>\n

\"\"

A pre-tumbleweed, the Russian Thistle.\u00a0From\u00a0KQED<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

By the end of the 1800s, Russian thistle had arrived in Southern California\u2019s Antelope Valley and Bakersfield. The weed spread quickly through the United States \u2014 on rail cars and through contamination of agricultural seeds. And by tumbling.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey tumble to disperse the seeds,\u201d said Ayres, \u201cand thereby reduce competition.\u201d<\/p>\n

By bouncing and rolling in the wind, a tumbleweed spreads out tens of thousands of seeds so that they all get plenty of sunlight and space.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds grow well in barren places like abandoned agricultural fields, vacant lots or the side of the road, where they can tumble unobstructed and there\u2019s no grass, which their seedlings can\u2019t compete with.<\/p>\n

\u201cGrass has nutritive tissue \u2014 what bread is made from \u2014 to sustain the seedling until it gets its leaves up, while the tumbleweed does not,\u201d said Ayres. \u201cAlso, many grasses germinate in the fall and are already up and thick by the time the tumbleweed germinates.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds start out as any plant, attached to the soil. Seedlings, which look like blades of grass with a bright pink stem, sprout at the end of the winter.<\/p>\n

By summer, Russian thistle plants take on their round shape and grow white, yellow or pink flowers between thorny leaves. Inside each flower, a fruit with a single seed develops.<\/p>\n

Other plants attract animals with sweet, tasty fruits, and get them to carry away their seeds in their stomachs and disperse them when they defecate.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds developed a different evolutionary strategy.<\/p>\n

Starting in late fall, they dry out and die, their seeds nestled between prickly dried leaves. Gusts of wind easily break dead tumbleweeds from their roots. A microscopic layer of cells at the base of the plant \u2014 called the abscission layer \u2014 makes a clean break possible and the plants roll away, spreading their seeds. When the rains come, an embryo coiled up inside each seed sprouts.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds cause a host of problems in California, where they\u2019re found throughout the state. In places like the southern San Joaquin Valley they can grow to be more than 6 feet tall, said Pitcairn.<\/p>\n

\u201cUnsuspecting motorists tend to swerve when a 6-foot plant comes tumbling across the road,\u201d he said, \u201cand many times end up in an accident.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"

CDFA’s tumbleweed tracker – senior environmental scientist Dr. Mike Pitcairn.<\/p><\/div>\n

To prevent this from happening, California Department of Transportation crews use pitchforks to pluck tumbleweeds from the ground and toss them into large compactor trash trucks, said Cathryne Bruce-Johnson, Caltrans public information officer in San Diego.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds can also pile up against buildings and become a fire hazard. That\u2019s what happened the morning of April 16 in Victorville, northeast of Los Angeles, when 60 mph winds pushed hundreds of them into a neighborhood that borders undeveloped land in the Mojave Desert.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt happened very quickly,\u201d said Sue Jones, public information officer for the city.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds piled up so high that they reached the second floors and blocked the entrances to about 100 homes, and also covered the baseball diamond at a nearby park, she said. It took 36 city workers well into the night to clear them out.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Invasion of the tumbleweeds in Victorville, CA.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In many western states, Russian thistle is an agricultural weed and farmers have to spray it when it grows among their crops. That\u2019s a bigger concern in Oregon, Washington and Idaho than in California, said Pitcairn. In California, tumbleweeds clog sprinklers and irrigation canals. And they also harbor agricultural pests when they\u2019re green.<\/p>\n

In the spring and fall, the California Department of Food and Agriculture sprays insecticides on green Russian thistle in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills to get rid of the beet leafhopper. The insect can transmit the curly top virus, which damages crops such as sugar beets, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, peppers, squash, spinach and beans, said Pitcairn. Spraying costs several million dollars each year, which comes from fees paid by vegetable growers, he said.<\/p>\n

The beet leafhopper lives in Russian thistle because it\u2019s one of the few plants that stays green in the fall in the foothills of California\u2019s Central Valley.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey lay eggs inside the plant tissue,\u201d said Jennifer Willems, an environmental scientist at the Department of Food and Agriculture in Fresno. \u201cThey pierce the soft parts of the plant \u2014 the leaves \u2014 and suck the juice out.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the cities of Palmdale and Lancaster, tumbleweeds are such a big problem that Los Angeles County spends $100,000 to $150,000 yearly mowing and chipping dried-out Russian thistle in vacant lots and abandoned agricultural fields before they can tumble away, said Ariel Verayo, deputy agricultural commissioner at the county\u2019s weed abatement division in Lancaster.<\/p>\n

Tumbleweeds blow into alfalfa fields and need to be cleared out before the alfalfa is harvested. Alfalfa is cattle feed, and cows won\u2019t eat prickly tumbleweeds, Verayo said.<\/p>\n

One alfalfa farmer earlier this year found a creative use for tumbleweeds after clearing them off his field. He packed them into rectangular bales and told Verayo he planned to use the bales for bow and arrow target practice.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s one way of making sure tumbleweeds no longer tumble.<\/p>\n

Link to story<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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