By Todd Fichette

Could the recent cold snap in California’s San Joaquin Valley have been just what the doctor ordered for citrus industry officials worried about discoveries of the Asian citrus psyllid? Only time will tell.

A study published in the Journal of Insect Science,conducted by David G. Hall, Erik J. Wenninger, and Matthew G. Hentz, sought to determine how cold is too cold for the tiny disease-vectoring pest. Hall and Hentz are with the USDA-ARS in Fort Pierce, Fla., and Wenninger from the University of Idaho, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center.

Several experiments subjected adult ACP and their nymphs to freezing temperatures for periods of time in greenhouse situations. Eggs from outdoor colonies were also tested in Petri dishes held at freezing temperatures.

Results of the studies suggest that temperatures similar to what was seen in the current freeze event in the San Joaquin Valley could have a lethal effect on the ACP. The scientific studies showed psyllid mortality after adults were subjected to temperatures of -4.5C (23.9F) or colder for several hours.

Not only did temperatures in the San Joaquin Valley reportedly reached lows as cold as 17 degrees in some locations, temperatures in some locations – particularly Sunday night (Dec. 8) into Monday morning (Dec. 9) – were below freezing for as much as 14 hours, according to some reports.

Temperatures of 17 degrees for as little as two hours in the controlled studies showed complete mortality of non-acclimated adult psyllids. It is important to note that these were targeted scientific research studies; citrus growers were doing everything in their power to increase orchard temperatures and avoid fruit damage.

According to one study done in a temperature-controlled greenhouse, few adult psyllids died when exposed to temperatures of -4.5C (23.9F) or colder for “several hours,” but more did die when exposed to these temperatures for longer periods of time. Mortality occurred slowly over three to four days, the study says.

Egg and nymph mortality studies were promising as well. One experiment subjected eggs and nymphs to temperatures ranging from the upper teens to low 20s Fahrenheit. Nymph mortality of near 95 percent was seen in as little as four hours at -8.2C (17.24F), to eight hours at -5.5C (22.1F).

While the study does indicate a hard freeze can have lethal impacts on the ACP – this is a good thing in the long-term – the resulting fruit damage in the short-term is obviously not good for growers. Still, the big question remains: have the small number of psyllids discovered in the San Joaquin Valley thus far been able to vector Huanglongbing in local commercial orchards? That answer won’t be known for several years.

Link to the article : http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/could-california-freeze-be-good-thing-acp-fight

NOTE – CDFA asks residents and growers in freeze areas to remain vigilant in their search for Asian citrus psyllids, as the studies mentioned were conducted in a greenhouse and conditions could be different than a field environment.   

By Reed Fujii

If you keep animals and they die, state animal health experts will examine the remains and report on the cause of death.

For a cow, pig or rabbit, the state laboratory charge is about $120.

For small pets, the fee is higher, nearly $195 for rodents such as hamsters and gerbils and $495 for cats and dogs.

But for a chicken or duck, the autopsy is free.

The little-known program is increasingly popular, the California Animal Health and Food Safety lab reports in the current October-December issue of California Agriculture, a University of California journal.

One or two birds may be submitted for a free necropsy (the term for a nonhuman autopsy) by owners of backyard poultry: chickens, turkeys, waterfowl or other birds raised for food.

In the six years through 2012, the program has received nearly 2,800 backyard poultry for analysis, about 14 percent of all birds from individual and commercial sources. And in each of those years, paralleling the growing popularity of keeping chickens at home, the number of birds from backyard flocks has grown, reaching 835 in 2012 compared with 173 in 2007, the researchers report.

Cherie Sintes-Glover, a 4-H poultry project leader in San Joaquin County and an expert on keeping chickens, said the state Backyard Flock program can help poultry owners quickly diagnose problems that may arise.

“It’s a great resource for the backyard chicken growers,” she said. “It provides them a report, and they can actually talk to a clinician or a doctor who performed the necropsy and get details on what they found. … They will actually help you find out what’s going on with your chickens.”

The program, which costs the state about $130,000 a year, protects both California’s multimillion-dollar poultry industry and, more importantly, public health, said Dr. Annette Jones, state veterinarian and director of Animal Health and Food Safety.

It’s really an early warning system – a canary in a coal mine, if you will – against avian-borne diseases that may emerge in backyard flocks.

“Generally what happens is these diseases come in through someone who, maybe not maliciously, smuggles in a parrot or a chicken; and it was in his backyard for a while; and then it spreads to the neighbor’s chickens; and it gets to a certain level and just explodes,” Jones said Friday.

“It’s like a forest fire. If you let that fire get to a certain size, … it’s very difficult to destroy it. It can affect millions and millions of birds.”

That most recently occurred in late 2002, when exotic Newcastle disease, a dreaded avian virus, was discovered in a Southern California backyard poultry flock. It was eventually found at thousands of sites, including commercial poultry farms. Before being eradicated, more a million birds were destroyed, and the cost was more than $160 million.

“That was horrible,” Jones said, recalling that she was in charge of the state’s response to the outbreak.

The agency is also on the lookout for signs of a bird flu or avian influenza, which many scientists warn could trigger a global flu outbreak on the scale of the 1918 pandemic.

“That, really honestly, is what our backyard bird program is aimed at – to be able to find and get rid of that virus if it comes into California,” Jones said.

While backyard flocks are generally not allowed in residential areas in Stockton or unincorporated San Joaquin County, they are legal in county areas with larger lots, such as rural residential zones. Residents of other cities should check with their local planning or code enforcement officials.

The testing labs nearest to San Joaquin County are in Davis and Turlock.

For more information about the program and instructions on how to submit poultry for testing – sorry, they do not return the remains – call the toll-free hot line, (866) 922-BIRD (922-2473).

Link to article – http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20131207/A_BIZ/312070320/-1/A_BIZ

The hyper-local food trend is really big right now. And apparently, NASA wants to make sure astronauts don’t miss out. The agency recently announced plans to grow cress, turnips and basil on the moon.

And to protect the plants from the harsh cosmic radiation and the moon’s lack of atmosphere, NASA researchers will be sending them off inside a seriously high-tech terrarium.

This could be good news for future space explorers: NASA’s Mars simulation has already proved that people can only deal with so much freeze-dried food. But while astronauts will probably appreciate the fresh veg, NASA says the real goal of this experiment is to see if humans could one day live — and farm — on the moon.

“This will be the very first life science experiment performed in deep space,” says plant scientistBob Bowman, one of the researchers behind the project. “Our goal is to show that the living organism can thrive in what really is a hostile environment,” he tells The Salt.

But growing plants on the moon won’t be easy. The moon has one-sixth the gravity of Earth — and the plants that NASA sends up there will have to deal with that, as well as facing extreme temperatures and harsh radiation.

“The moon’s a weird place,” Bowman says. “On the side that’s facing the sun, the surface temperature is about 150 degrees Fahrenheit. On the other side, it’s negative 150 degrees.”

he plant habitat that Bowman and his colleagues have designed contains seeds, as well as a nutrient-rich paper and enough air and water for the seeds to germinate and grow. The canister also has features that regulate light and temperature, and cameras that the researchers will use to track the plants’ progress over five to 10 days.

The entire thing is about the size of a coffee canister, and it weights only one kilogram. It’ll be hitching a ride on the Moon Express lander, a commercial spacecraft enrolled in the Google Lunar X Prize that’s set to launch sometime in 2015.

Till then, the researchers will be putting the canister through rigorous testing. They also hope to get school kids across America involved, by encouraging them to build their own canisters.

Bowman says this is just the first step. “Someday,” he says, “what we learn from this and the follow-up experiments will enable us to live in deep space.”

More at http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/12/03/248373683/moon-turnips-nasa-takes-gardening-to-new-heights

The next segment in the Growing California video series, a partnership with California Grown, is “The Beneficial Bean.”

With freezing temperatures in the forecast this week for much of the Central Valley, concern is high for growers of commodities in the midst of harvest, or close to it, such as citrus and avocados. The California Department of Food and Agriculture works collaboratively with these and other commodity groups to help minimize damage and protect consumers.

Citrus growers use a variety of methods to help protect their crops. They often utilize massive wind machines to keep the coldest air from settling on the orchard floor. They may also use water to preemptively form a layer of frost protection on the fruit. This is important because we know that while citrus can sustain temperatures well below freezing for several hours, a few degrees difference may be enough to save the crop.

The citrus industry assesses itself a mil fee—a small percentage of production–to pay for county and state regulatory programs that include CDFA’s Division of Inspection Services conducting temperature monitoring in the coldest areas. The Department uses temperature data to determine if crop samples need to be further examined for internal damage. The samples may be held for several days, because freeze damage may take up to 72 hours to show itself in citrus and 5 days for avocados. This precaution helps keep freeze-damaged produce out of the marketplace.

With CDFA and growers working together, every effort is made to ensure consumers are being sold the very best produce California has to offer.

http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24500983/greenwaste-biogas-san-jose-food-scraps-energy-zero-waste-green?source=rss#

By Dana Hull

The nation’s largest facility for turning food scraps into biogas is about to go online in north San Jose.

The project is a unique partnership between GreenWaste, which collects garbage, recycled materials and compostibles, and Zanker Road Resource Management, which operates recycling facilities. The two firms formed the Zero Waste Energy Development Company in 2011 to take organic recycling to the next level: extracting energy.

Food waste, largely from restaurants and commercial businesses across San Jose, will be processed at the Los Esteros Road location by 16 massive digestion chambers that each can hold 350 tons of waste.

The process takes roughly 21 days, during which the food breaks down into compost and methane biogas. The gas can then be converted into electricity to power the facility or for use as fuel elsewhere. The technology, known as “dry fermentation anaerobic digestion,” uses bacteria to break down organic matter in an oxygen-free environment and without using large quantities of water.

Scheduled to open later this month, the new facility arrives as California works to divert more materials — from garbage to food scraps to consumer electronics — away from landfills.

“This project is a big milestone for us,” said Jo Zientek, the City of San Jose’s Deputy Director of Environmental Services. “It’s built on a piece of property that’s an old landfill site that’s owned by the city already. And the project is a direct outgrowth of San Jose’s Green Vision.”

San Jose adopted its Green Vision agenda in 2007 with the goal of making the city a world center of clean technology innovation. Included in the plan is an effort to divert 100 percent of waste from landfills and convert waste to energy.

Organic waste such as yard trimmings and leftover food are typically buried in land fills. As the waste breaks down, the landfills often emit methane gas — a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to smog and climate change. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the largest sources of human-related methane emissions in the United States, according to the EPA, and represent a lost opportunity to capture a significant source of energy.

“The capture rate at most landfills is not efficient,” said Eric Herbert, CEO of Zero Waste Energy, which is based in Lafayette. “Methane is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide.”

Zero Waste’s anaerobic digestion facility, located near the southern tip of the San Francisco Bay, will be the first large-scale commercial operation of its kind in the United States. It’s being developed in three phases over the next several years, with each phase capable of processing 90,000 tons of organic waste each year. When fully operational, it will be one of the largest such plants in the world.

California utilities, including PG&E, are required to buy 33 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020 via the state’s “Renewable Portfolio Standard.” Though much attention has focused on solar and wind power, electricity generated from biogas also qualifies for meeting the standard. So San Jose’s new facility could be replicated throughout the state by cities struggling to figure out how to handle their waste.

Other biogas projects are already operating in the Bay Area. Waste Management Inc., which recycles waste for several cities in Alameda County, is turning its decomposing garbage at the Altamont Landfill near Livermore into electricity and liquefied natural gas. The fuel is then used in the company’s garbage trucks.

“The interest in biogas is growing very quickly,” said Julia Levin, executive director of the recently formed Bioenergy Association of California. “In the long run, there’s a lot of potential for biogas to be used as transportation fuel. San Jose is on the cutting edge, but cities across California are trying to figure out how to better handle their waste. Biogas closes the sustainability loop on so many levels.”